how to build a solar water heater

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 How to build a solar water heater

(can connect to Peter directly pls feel free :D)

how solar water heater works

There are 3 forms of heat transfer.

1. Conductionwhen two objects come into contact, heat transfers between the two surfaces. This is based on the type of materials and contact surface area. copper is without question, the fastest heat conducting material. These solar water heaters use copper tubing to transmit heat from the tubes to the water manifold, which is then collected by the water and then pumped to your water tank.2. ConvectionConvective heat transfer is caused by the flow of a fluid over an object. there is convection caused when the water is pumped through the solar collectors, enabling fast heat transfer and low pumping time. what about the wind blowing over the solar collector? No worry. These are vacuum tubes. The convection must occur directly on the object to cause heat transfer. Wind cannot take any heat out of the system since the vacuum tubes have a void between the copper tubing and the outside glass.3. RadiationRadiation occurs all the time with any object. Heat can travel through space through radiation. There's no stopping it. The good news is that the radiation coming out of the solar collectors is extremely minimal, and the radiation coming in from the sun is extremely high due to the black shading of the vacuum tubes and aluminum inserts.This is the highest of quality solar collector you can get. Copper, aluminum, vacuum tubes. The absorption efficiency is about 95%.

How exactly does it work?Radiation from the sun beams through the outer glass tubes of the solar collectors. The sunlight then gets trapped into the inner glass tube, which is dark to attract the light and on the inside has a copper lining to collect the heat.

Light which reflects off the dark portion is also trapped. Sunlight easily passes through the clear glass, but as soon as it bounces off of something that isn't clear, it turns into infrared energy / heat. This heat is also trapped into the tubes since heat cannot easily pass through the vacuum (no conduction or convection), and is forced to conduct into the copper tubes in the center.

The heat then collects into the center copper tube with help from aluminum inserts. The heat travels up the copper tube and into the manifold through the end bulb (known as the condenser) at the top. This copper tube has water inside of it which helps transfer the heat through evaporation /condensing. Don't worry, this water is under pressure and will not freeze! The heat pipe, which is made of aluminum and is within the manifold is heated by the condenser. Water passes through this manifold, and through the heat pipe. Heat then transfers to the water through conduction and convection. There is very little heat loss since the manifold is insulated well with polyurethane foam and the glass tube is secured against the manifold with a gasket. Generally, these solar collectors are used in a closed system. They can be used year-round if a water/antifreeze mixture is used. To heat your potable water, you just simply need to run the hot fluid from the solar collectors through a heat exchanger to your water tank, or a special water tank which has a heat exchanger built into it. This is the most efficient way to acquire free, efficient heat.

This is a more efficient system than the more crude systems which actually fill the tubes with water. Not filling the tubes with water also allows for breakage allowance. If one tube were to break, the rest of the system can still operate without the tube until it is replaced. These solar tubes are made to last. they usually last an easy 10 to 20 years and pay for themselves within 2 years, depending on the cost of your water heating and even building heating needs. Advantages of the Separated Solar Heater System

Separated systems prevent freezing by containing no water in the tubes. The system uses an efficient copper heat pipe technology to transfer heat from the tubes to the fluid source. A glycol mixture can be used to allow use through all seasons without freezing problems.

Since the system is automated, there's no need to worry about whether you water will be hot. The solar heater will heat your hot water supply and if there isn't enough sun for a few days or you take way too many hot showers, your normal backup heating (electric or gas) can keep your water hot for you.

Stagnation temperature is about 200°C. This is the absolute maximum temperature 

you can expect the solar heater to reach in case of pump failure and the system stops working. Reaching this temperature will not damage the system.

 

 

Adding to Existing Installations

 

With an existing tank

For home water heating installations with existing water storage tanks (water heaters), it is possible although more complicated to install a solar water heater to the existing tank. Since the existing tank does not have a built-in heat exchanger for the solar application, a plate heat exchanger must be used instead. This requires purchase of an additional water pump and a plate heat exchanger. The solar controller can be used to operate both pumps. The solar pump will circulate the propylene glycol mix from the solar heater down to the plate heat exchanger while the 2nd pump will circulate water from the existing water tank to the other ports on the plate heat exchanger. The water flowing through the heat exchanger will receive heat from the propylene glycol mix through the plates, and then be dumped back into the storage tank.

With an on-demand water heating system.

It is quite easy to add a solar water heating system to a currently installed on-demand water heating system. The basic concept is to feed hot water into the currently existing on-demand system and not bother with backup heating in the solar system itself. When heat is lacking from solar, the on-demand system kicks in. Users will still need all of the basic components which are needed for the solar system: solar heater, tank, working station and propylene glycol, but since no backup heating is used in the tank itself, the operation of the system tends to be a little less expensive than using the standard electrical or gas backup heating within the tank itself.

how to build a solar water heater